Urine formation|| physiology of urine|| for Neet, Nursing,BAMS,medical exams

Waste is excreted from the human body, mainly in the form of urine. Our kidneys play a major role in the process of excretion. Constituents of normal human urine include 95 per cent water and 5 per cent solid wastes. It is produced in the nephron, which is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. Urine formation in our body is mainly carried out in three phases namely

Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Mechanism of Urine Formation

The mechanism of urine formation involves the following steps:

Glomerular Filteration
Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus where blood is filtered. This process occurs across the three layers- the epithelium of Bowman’s capsule, the endothelium of glomerular blood vessels, and a membrane between these two layers.

Blood is filtered in such a way that all the constituents of the plasma reach the Bowman’s capsule, except proteins. Therefore, this process is known as ultrafiltration.

Reabsorption
Around 99 per cent of the filtrate obtained is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This is known as reabsorption. This is achieved by active and passive transport.

Secretion
The next step in urine formation is tubular secretion. Here, tubular cells secrete substances like hydrogen ions, potassium ions, etc into the filtrate. Through this process, the ionic, acid-base and the balance of other body fluids are maintained. The secreted ions combine with the filtrate and form urine. The urine passes out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct.

Urine
The urine produced is 95% water and 5% nitrogenous wastes. Wastes such as urea, ammonia, and creatinine are excreted in the urine. Apart from these, the potassium, sodium and calcium ions are also excreted.

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